PCHEM (BA/BSC 2nd)

UNIT-I (8 Hrs.)

Thermodynamics-I:

Definition of Thermodynamic Terms: System, surroundings etc. Types of systems, intensive and extensive properties. State and path functions and their differentials. Thermodynamic process. Concept of heat and work.

First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement, definition of internal energy and enthalpy, Heat capacity, heat capacities at constant volume and pressure and their relationship. Joule’s Law-Joule-Thomson coefficient and inversion temperature. Calculations of w, q, dU & dH for the expansion of ideal gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for reversible process.

UNIT-II (7 Hrs.)

Thermochemistry:

Standard state, standard enthalpy of formation-Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation and its applications. the heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume. Enthalpy of neutralization. Bond dissociation energy and its calculation from thermochemical data, the temperature dependence of enthalpy. Kirchoff ’s equation.

UNIT- III (7 Hrs.)

Colloidal State:

Definition of colloids, classification of colloids.

Solids in liquids (sols): Properties –kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action, Hardy-Schulze rules, gold number.

Liquids in liquids (emulsions) : Types of emulsions, preparation. Emulsifier.

Liquids in solids (gels): Classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general applications of colloids.

UNIT-IV (8 Hrs.)

Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties:

Ideal and non-ideal solutions, methods of expressing concentrations of solutions, activity and activity coefficient.

Dilute solution, colligative properties, Raoult’s law, relative lowering of vapour pressure, molecular weight determination. Osmosis, law of osmotic pressure and its measurement, determination of molecular weight from osmotic pressure. Elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point, Thermodynamic derivation of relation between molecular weight and elevation in boiling point and depression of freezing point. Experimental methods for determining various colligative properties.